The article of record as published may be found at http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9789199858569.013.019This chapter deals with the impact and legacy of the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization upon the final years of the Ottoman Empire. Two critical themes are at the center of this study. First, it deals with the ways in which the VMRO (as the group is most commonly termed) was perceived as a representation of terrorism and culture in Ottoman Macedonia by both foreign and native sources. Second, it surveys the Ottoman state’s development of a counterinsurgency strategy to counter the likes of the VMRO and the long- term influence this program had upon the final years of the empire itself. In this later regard, the chapter traces the origins of the Ottoman “çete” (or paramilitary culture) of the Committee for Union and Progress (CUP) to the establishment Special Organization (Teşkilat-ı Mahsusa) during the World War I.