We are grateful to R. Lourenço and A.K. Mueller for their helpful comments. We thank Forest Research for funding all fieldwork on goshawks during 1973-1996, Forest Enterprise for funding fieldwork after 1998 and T. Dearnley and N. Geddes for allowing and facilitating work in Kielder Forest. This work was also partly funded by a Natural Environment Research Council studentship NE/J500148/1 to SH and a grant NE/F021402/1 to XL and by Natural Research. We thank I. Yoxall and B. Little for the data they collected and their contributions to this study. Lastly, we thank English Nature and the British Trust for Ornithology for kindly issuing licences to monitor goshawk nest sites
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