This article has been made available through the Brunel Open Access Publishing Fund.The effect of Nb-B inoculation on Al-Si alloys for their grain refinement has been studied through the analysis of binary Al-xSi (where x = 1-10 wt.%) to avoid possible effects of other alloying elements. In Part I of this work the concept development of the Nb-B inoculation is discussed in detail on the basis of the theoretical and fundamental concepts employed (i.e. pro-peritectic particles formation, lattice structures and mismatch as well as analogies between the Al-Ti/Al-Nb or Ti-Si/Nb-Si binary phase diagrams). The systematic study of the addition of different level of Nb-B inoculation to pure Al permitted to determine the best addition rate. From the microstructural and thermal analysis of binary Al-xSi alloys it is found that Nb-B based inoculation is highly suitable for Al-Si alloy with Si content greater than 6 wt.%. As results of the Nb-B inoculation the microstructural features of binary Al-xSi alloys (i.e. primary Al α-grains and eutectic phase) are significantly refined. Most importantly, the inoculation of Al-Si cast alloys with Nb-B is not characterised by any visible poisoning effect (i.e. formation of silicides) which is the drawback of using commercial Al-Ti-B master alloys on Al cast alloys. The effect of Nb-B inoculation on commercial Al-Si alloys (which normally include other alloying elements in their chemical composition) is assessed in Part II of this work.The authors are thankful for the financial support from the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSCR) through the EP/J013749/1 Project.