Egyptian Women Workers and
            Entrepreneurs : Maximizing Opportunities in the Economic Sphere

Nasr, Sahar

dc.creator	Nasr, Sahar
dc.date	2012-03-19T09:33:00Z
dc.date	2012-03-19T09:33:00Z
dc.date	2010
dc.date.accessioned	2023-02-17T20:36:04Z
dc.date.available	2023-02-17T20:36:04Z
dc.identifier	http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/main?menuPK=64187510&pagePK=64193027&piPK=64187937&theSitePK=523679&menuPK=64187510&searchMenuPK=64187283&siteName=WDS&entityID=000333038_20100219001740
dc.identifier	978-0-8213-8190-8
dc.identifier	http://hdl.handle.net/10986/2414
dc.identifier.uri	http://localhost:8080/xmlui/handle/CUHPOERS/242820
dc.description	Women are a powerful force for sustainable economic growth. A growing body of microeconomic empirical evidence and emerging macroeconomic analysis shows that gender inequality limits economic growth in developing economies. Research also shows that considerable potential for economic growth could be realized if countries support women's full economic participation. Increases in women's income tend to correlate with greater expenditure on family welfare and children, because women often spend a greater share of their income on their children's nutrition, health care, and education. From an economic perspective, removing gender biases and maintaining a level playing field reduces possible market distortions or malfunctioning. Moreover, promoting women's participation in business may bolster women's overall participation in the labor market, because women-owned businesses are more likely to employ other women. This report analyzes the main reasons for this disparity in the Arab Republic of Egypt and proposes solutions to level the playing field and enable women's full economic contributions. The Investment Climate Survey (ICS) of 1,156 enterprises from the manufacturing sector was carried out in October 2008, using the World Bank standard methodology. The recall questionnaire of 566 enterprises was conducted in October 2008. The gender workers module was conducted in August 2005. It sampled about 15 full-time workers from each firm covered by the ICS recall survey. About 70 percent of the ICS sample is made up of small and medium firms, about 85 percent of which are owned by individuals or families. Large firms employing more than 150 workers account for about 30 percent of the sample. In about 35 percent of the sample, a woman is a main shareholder; in 15 percent of these firms, women own the majority of the firm.
dc.language	English
dc.publisher	World Bank
dc.relation	Directions in Development ; private sector
dc.rights	CC BY 3.0 IGO
dc.rights	http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo
dc.rights	World Bank
dc.subject	ABSENCE OF WOMEN
dc.subject	ACCESS TO FINANCE
dc.subject	ACCESS TO LAND
dc.subject	ACCESS TO MARKETS
dc.subject	ACCESS TO TRAINING
dc.subject	BANK ACCOUNT
dc.subject	BANKING SYSTEM
dc.subject	BANKS
dc.subject	BARRIERS TO WOMEN
dc.subject	BREADWINNER
dc.subject	BREADWINNERS
dc.subject	BUSINESS ASSOCIATIONS
dc.subject	BUSINESS EDUCATION
dc.subject	BUSINESS MANAGEMENT
dc.subject	BUSINESS OWNER
dc.subject	BUSINESS SUCCESS
dc.subject	BUSINESS WOMEN
dc.subject	BUSINESSWOMEN
dc.subject	CAPACITY BUILDING
dc.subject	CAPITAL REQUIREMENT
dc.subject	CAPITAL STOCK
dc.subject	CHAMBER OF COMMERCE
dc.subject	CHECKING ACCOUNTS
dc.subject	CHILD CARE
dc.subject	COLLATERAL
dc.subject	COLLATERAL REQUIREMENTS
dc.subject	COMPENSATION
dc.subject	CORRUPTION
dc.subject	COURTS
dc.subject	CREDIT INFORMATION
dc.subject	CREDIT INFORMATION SYSTEMS
dc.subject	CREDIT PROVISION
dc.subject	CULTURAL NORMS
dc.subject	CUSTODY
dc.subject	CUSTOM
dc.subject	DAYCARE
dc.subject	DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS
dc.subject	DEPOSIT
dc.subject	DISCRIMINATION
dc.subject	DISCRIMINATION AGAINST WOMEN
dc.subject	DISCRIMINATORY PRACTICES
dc.subject	DIVORCE
dc.subject	DOMINANCE
dc.subject	E-LEARNING
dc.subject	EARNINGS
dc.subject	ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES
dc.subject	ECONOMIC ACTIVITY
dc.subject	ECONOMIC CONTRIBUTION
dc.subject	ECONOMIC CONTRIBUTIONS
dc.subject	ECONOMIC CRISIS
dc.subject	ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT
dc.subject	ECONOMIC GROWTH
dc.subject	ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES
dc.subject	ECONOMIC REFORMS
dc.subject	ECONOMIC RESOURCES
dc.subject	EDUCATED WOMEN
dc.subject	EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT
dc.subject	EMPLOYER
dc.subject	EMPLOYERS
dc.subject	EMPLOYMENT GROWTH
dc.subject	EMPLOYMENT OF WOMEN
dc.subject	EMPOWERMENT OF WOMEN
dc.subject	ENTERPRISE DEVELOPMENT
dc.subject	ENTREPRENEURS
dc.subject	EQUAL OPPORTUNITY
dc.subject	EQUAL PAY
dc.subject	EQUALITY OF OPPORTUNITY
dc.subject	EQUITABLE ACCESS
dc.subject	EQUITY CAPITAL
dc.subject	EXPENDITURE
dc.subject	EXPENDITURES
dc.subject	FAMILIES
dc.subject	FAMILY COURT
dc.subject	FAMILY INCOME
dc.subject	FAMILY OBLIGATIONS
dc.subject	FAMILY RESPONSIBILITIES
dc.subject	FAMILY WELFARE
dc.subject	FEMALE
dc.subject	FEMALE EDUCATION
dc.subject	FEMALE EMPLOYEES
dc.subject	FEMALE EMPLOYMENT
dc.subject	FEMALE ENTERPRISES
dc.subject	FEMALE ENTREPRENEURS
dc.subject	FEMALE ENTREPRENEURSHIP
dc.subject	FEMALE LABOR
dc.subject	FEMALE LABOR FORCE
dc.subject	FEMALE LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION
dc.subject	FEMALE RESPONDENTS
dc.subject	FEMALE WORKERS
dc.subject	FEMALES
dc.subject	FINANCE ACCESS
dc.subject	FINANCIAL DEVELOPMENT
dc.subject	FINANCIAL EXCLUSION
dc.subject	FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS
dc.subject	FINANCIAL INTERMEDIARIES
dc.subject	FINANCIAL SECTOR REFORM
dc.subject	FINANCIAL SERVICES
dc.subject	FOREIGN FIRMS
dc.subject	FORMAL ECONOMY
dc.subject	FORMS OF DISCRIMINATION
dc.subject	GENDER
dc.subject	GENDER ACTION
dc.subject	GENDER BARRIERS
dc.subject	GENDER BIASES
dc.subject	GENDER CHARACTERISTICS
dc.subject	GENDER COMPOSITION
dc.subject	GENDER DIFFERENCES
dc.subject	GENDER DIMENSION
dc.subject	GENDER DISPARITIES
dc.subject	GENDER EQUALITY
dc.subject	GENDER EQUITY
dc.subject	GENDER GAP
dc.subject	GENDER GAPS
dc.subject	GENDER INEQUALITIES
dc.subject	GENDER INEQUALITY
dc.subject	GENDER MAINSTREAMING
dc.subject	GENDER SEGREGATION
dc.subject	GENDER SPECIALIST
dc.subject	GIRLS
dc.subject	GREATER ACCESS
dc.subject	GROUPS OF WOMEN
dc.subject	HOME
dc.subject	HOUSEHOLD CHORES
dc.subject	HOUSEHOLDS
dc.subject	HUMAN CAPITAL
dc.subject	HUMAN RIGHTS
dc.subject	HUSBAND
dc.subject	IMMIGRATION
dc.subject	INCOME-GENERATING ACTIVITIES
dc.subject	INFORMAL SECTOR
dc.subject	INFORMAL WORKERS
dc.subject	INTERNATIONAL BANK
dc.subject	INVESTMENT PLANS
dc.subject	JOB SECURITY
dc.subject	JUDGE
dc.subject	KEY CHALLENGE
dc.subject	LABOR FORCE
dc.subject	LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION
dc.subject	LABOR FORCE SURVEYS
dc.subject	LABOR LAW
dc.subject	LABOR MARKET
dc.subject	LABOR MARKETS
dc.subject	LACK OF ACCESS
dc.subject	LAWS
dc.subject	LEGAL STATUS
dc.subject	LEGISLATION
dc.subject	LIMITED ACCESS
dc.subject	LOAN
dc.subject	LOAN APPLICATION
dc.subject	LOAN APPLICATION PROCEDURES
dc.subject	LOAN-TO-DEPOSIT RATIO
dc.subject	MAINSTREAMING GENDER
dc.subject	MARKET ECONOMY
dc.subject	MARRIED MALE
dc.subject	MARRIED WOMEN
dc.subject	MATERNITY BENEFITS
dc.subject	MATERNITY LEAVE
dc.subject	MICRO-ENTERPRISES
dc.subject	MICROCREDIT
dc.subject	MICROFINANCE
dc.subject	NATIONAL COUNCIL FOR WOMEN
dc.subject	NEEDS OF WOMEN
dc.subject	NUTRITION
dc.subject	OPEN MARKET
dc.subject	OPPORTUNITIES FOR WOMEN
dc.subject	PARTICIPATION OF WOMEN
dc.subject	PEACE
dc.subject	PERCEPTIONS OF GENDER
dc.subject	PERCEPTIONS OF WOMEN
dc.subject	POOR WOMEN
dc.subject	PREJUDICE
dc.subject	PRIVATE CREDIT
dc.subject	PRIVATE INVESTMENT
dc.subject	PRIVATE SECTOR BANKS
dc.subject	PRIVATIZATION
dc.subject	PRODUCTIVITY
dc.subject	PROFESSIONAL WOMEN
dc.subject	PROFITABILITY
dc.subject	PROPORTION OF WOMEN
dc.subject	PROVISION OF CREDIT
dc.subject	PROVISION OF FINANCE
dc.subject	REGULATORY ENVIRONMENT FOR WOMEN
dc.subject	REPRESENTATION OF WOMEN
dc.subject	RESERVE REQUIREMENTS
dc.subject	ROLE OF WOMEN
dc.subject	RURAL WOMEN
dc.subject	SAFETY NETS
dc.subject	SAVINGS
dc.subject	SAVINGS ACCOUNTS
dc.subject	SEX
dc.subject	SEX SEGREGATION
dc.subject	SINGLE WOMAN
dc.subject	SINGLE WOMEN
dc.subject	SMALL ENTERPRISE
dc.subject	SMALL ENTERPRISES
dc.subject	SOCIAL CHANGE
dc.subject	SOCIAL FUND
dc.subject	SOCIAL INSURANCE
dc.subject	START-UP
dc.subject	TRADE UNIONS
dc.subject	UNDP
dc.subject	UNEMPLOYED WOMEN
dc.subject	UNEMPLOYMENT
dc.subject	UNION
dc.subject	UNITED NATIONS
dc.subject	UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME
dc.subject	UNMARRIED WOMEN
dc.subject	UNSKILLED WOMEN
dc.subject	UNSKILLED WORKERS
dc.subject	URBAN AREAS
dc.subject	URBAN DEVELOPMENT
dc.subject	WAGE GAP
dc.subject	WIFE
dc.subject	WILL
dc.subject	WIVES
dc.subject	WOMAN
dc.subject	WOMEN EMPLOYEES
dc.subject	WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS
dc.subject	WOMEN IN BUSINESS
dc.subject	WOMEN IN SOCIETY
dc.subject	WOMEN MANAGERS
dc.subject	WOMEN WORKERS
dc.subject	WORKING CAPITAL
dc.subject	WORKING WOMEN
dc.title	Egyptian Women Workers and Entrepreneurs : Maximizing Opportunities in the Economic Sphere
dc.type	Publications & Research :: Publication
dc.type	Publications & Research :: Publication
dc.coverage	North Africa
dc.coverage	Europe
dc.coverage	Middle East
dc.coverage	Egypt, Arab Republic of