Gender in Bolivian Production :
            Reducing Differences in Formality and Productivity of Firms

World Bank

dc.creator	World Bank
dc.date	2012-03-19T10:04:24Z
dc.date	2012-03-19T10:04:24Z
dc.date	2009-07-01
dc.date.accessioned	2023-02-17T20:40:02Z
dc.date.available	2023-02-17T20:40:02Z
dc.identifier	http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/main?menuPK=64187510&pagePK=64193027&piPK=64187937&theSitePK=523679&menuPK=64187510&searchMenuPK=64187283&siteName=WDS&entityID=000334955_20090827043440
dc.identifier	978-0-8213-8014-7
dc.identifier	http://hdl.handle.net/10986/2669
dc.identifier.uri	http://localhost:8080/xmlui/handle/CUHPOERS/243061
dc.description	A main goal of this study is to determine the variables responsible for the lower formality of women-owned businesses. The companion study (the World Bank 2007a) shows that Bolivia's informal sector is the largest in Latin America by many definitions and measures. It also provides a rationale for promoting formality given the many negative effects of a high rate of informality. These negative effects include a lower growth potential as informal firms tend to be less productive owing to limited access to physical, financial, and human capital, and a smaller scale of operations; negative fiscal impacts as informal firms "free ride" on services provided with fiscal resources; and negative social externalities, including weaker rule of law and public institutions, increased corruption, and weakened ability to enforce contracts. A second goal of this study is to identify gender-based productivity constraints that hinder the growth of female-owned businesses. First, author's analysis of the impact of formality on profitability shows that the gains of formalization for most female-owned businesses increase as the firms grow. Second, author's find that the smaller scale of operation of female-owned firms is one of the main causes of gender-based differences in productivity and profitability. However, most of the differences between male and female-owned firms diminish or disappear as firms grow.
dc.language	English
dc.publisher	World Bank
dc.relation	World Bank Country Study
dc.rights	CC BY 3.0 IGO
dc.rights	http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo
dc.rights	World Bank
dc.subject	ACCESS TO CAPITAL
dc.subject	ACCESS TO CREDIT
dc.subject	ACCESS TO FINANCE
dc.subject	ACCESS TO FINANCIAL SERVICES
dc.subject	ACCESS TO LOANS
dc.subject	AGE OF RETIREMENT
dc.subject	AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIES
dc.subject	BANK CREDIT
dc.subject	BANK LOAN
dc.subject	BANK LOANS
dc.subject	BANKS
dc.subject	BENEFICIARIES
dc.subject	BORROWING
dc.subject	BRIBES
dc.subject	BUSINESS ACTIVITY
dc.subject	BUSINESS ASSOCIATIONS
dc.subject	BUSINESS LOANS
dc.subject	BUSINESS OWNER
dc.subject	BUSINESS OWNERS
dc.subject	BUSINESS PLANS
dc.subject	CALCULATION
dc.subject	CALCULATIONS
dc.subject	CAPACITY OF WOMEN
dc.subject	CAPITAL STOCK
dc.subject	CARE FOR CHILDREN
dc.subject	CHILD CARE
dc.subject	COLLATERAL
dc.subject	CONTRIBUTIONS
dc.subject	CORRUPTION
dc.subject	COST OF CREDIT
dc.subject	CREDIT ASSOCIATIONS
dc.subject	CREDIT INSTITUTIONS
dc.subject	CREDIT PROGRAMS
dc.subject	CRIME
dc.subject	CURRENCY
dc.subject	CUSTOM
dc.subject	CUSTOMER BASE
dc.subject	CYCLE OF POVERTY
dc.subject	DAY-CARE
dc.subject	DEBT
dc.subject	DEVELOPMENT BANK
dc.subject	DISABILITY
dc.subject	DISABILITY BENEFITS
dc.subject	DISCRIMINATION
dc.subject	DISCRIMINATION AGAINST WOMEN
dc.subject	DISMISSAL
dc.subject	DISMISSALS
dc.subject	DIVORCED WOMEN
dc.subject	EARNING CAPACITY
dc.subject	EARNINGS
dc.subject	ECONOMIC ACTIVITY
dc.subject	ECONOMIC COOPERATION
dc.subject	ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT
dc.subject	ECONOMIC GROWTH
dc.subject	ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES
dc.subject	ECONOMIC POLICY
dc.subject	ECONOMIES OF SCALE
dc.subject	EDUCATION OF WOMEN
dc.subject	EDUCATIONAL ACHIEVEMENT
dc.subject	EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT
dc.subject	EDUCATIONAL LEVELS
dc.subject	EMPLOYEE
dc.subject	EMPLOYER
dc.subject	EMPLOYERS
dc.subject	EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES
dc.subject	EMPLOYMENT STATUS
dc.subject	ENROLLMENT
dc.subject	ENTREPRENEURIAL ABILITY
dc.subject	ENVIRONMENT FOR WOMEN
dc.subject	EXCLUSION
dc.subject	EXPENDITURE
dc.subject	FAMILIES
dc.subject	FAMILY INCOME
dc.subject	FAMILY RESPONSIBILITIES
dc.subject	FAMILY RESPONSIBILITIES OF WOMEN
dc.subject	FEMALE
dc.subject	FEMALE BUSINESS
dc.subject	FEMALE EMPLOYEES
dc.subject	FEMALE EMPLOYMENT
dc.subject	FEMALE ENTERPRISE
dc.subject	FEMALE ENTERPRISES
dc.subject	FEMALE ENTREPRENEURS
dc.subject	FEMALE LABOR
dc.subject	FEMALE LABOR FORCE
dc.subject	FEMALE LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION
dc.subject	FEMALE POPULATION
dc.subject	FEMALE-OWNED BUSINESS
dc.subject	FEMALE-OWNED BUSINESSES
dc.subject	FEMALES
dc.subject	FINANCIAL INSTITUTION
dc.subject	FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS
dc.subject	FINANCIAL LITERACY
dc.subject	FINANCIAL SECTOR
dc.subject	FINANCIAL SERVICES
dc.subject	FINANCIAL SUPPORT
dc.subject	FINANCING MECHANISMS
dc.subject	FISCAL RESOURCES
dc.subject	FORMAL BANKING
dc.subject	FORMAL BANKS
dc.subject	FORMAL CREDIT
dc.subject	FORMAL EDUCATION
dc.subject	FORMAL SAVINGS
dc.subject	FORMAL WORKFORCE
dc.subject	GENDER
dc.subject	GENDER ACTION
dc.subject	GENDER ANALYSIS
dc.subject	GENDER DIFFERENCES
dc.subject	GENDER GAP
dc.subject	GENDER GAPS
dc.subject	GENDER ROLES
dc.subject	GENDER STEREOTYPES
dc.subject	GENDER WAGE GAPS
dc.subject	GIRLS
dc.subject	GROWTH PLANS
dc.subject	HANDICRAFTS
dc.subject	HEALTH INSURANCE
dc.subject	HOME
dc.subject	HOMES
dc.subject	HOUSEHOLD BUDGET
dc.subject	HOUSEHOLD CHORES
dc.subject	HOUSEHOLD INCOME
dc.subject	HOUSEHOLD SPENDING
dc.subject	HOUSEHOLD WELFARE
dc.subject	HOUSEHOLDS
dc.subject	HUMAN CAPITAL
dc.subject	HUSBAND
dc.subject	HUSBANDS
dc.subject	INCOME LEVELS
dc.subject	INDIGENOUS WOMEN
dc.subject	INEQUALITIES
dc.subject	INFORMAL SAVING
dc.subject	INFORMAL SECTOR
dc.subject	INFORMAL SECTORS
dc.subject	INFORMAL WORKER
dc.subject	INFORMATION SYSTEM
dc.subject	INPUT PRICES
dc.subject	INSURANCE
dc.subject	INTEREST RATES
dc.subject	INTERNATIONAL BANK
dc.subject	JOB SECURITY
dc.subject	LABOR FORCE
dc.subject	LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION
dc.subject	LABOR FORCES
dc.subject	LABOR LAW
dc.subject	LABOR LAWS
dc.subject	LABOR MARKET
dc.subject	LABOR MARKETS
dc.subject	LABOUR ORGANIZATION
dc.subject	LACK OF ACCESS
dc.subject	LACK OF INFORMATION
dc.subject	LARGE FIRMS
dc.subject	LEGAL STATUS
dc.subject	LEVEL OF EDUCATION
dc.subject	LIMITED ACCESS
dc.subject	LOAN APPLICATIONS
dc.subject	MARITAL STATUS
dc.subject	MARKET CONSTRAINTS
dc.subject	MARKETING
dc.subject	MARKETING CAMPAIGNS
dc.subject	MARRIED MEN
dc.subject	MARRIED WOMEN
dc.subject	MATERNITY BENEFITS
dc.subject	MATERNITY LEAVE
dc.subject	MICRO CREDIT
dc.subject	MICRO ENTERPRISES
dc.subject	MICRO-CREDIT
dc.subject	MICRO-ENTERPRISE
dc.subject	MICRO-FINANCE
dc.subject	MICRO-FINANCE INSTITUTIONS
dc.subject	MICROCREDIT
dc.subject	MICROFINANCE
dc.subject	MINISTRY OF WOMEN
dc.subject	MOBILITY FOR WOMEN
dc.subject	NEW MARKETS
dc.subject	NUTRITION
dc.subject	OPPORTUNITIES FOR WOMEN
dc.subject	PARTICIPATION OF WOMEN
dc.subject	PENSION
dc.subject	PENSION FUNDS
dc.subject	PENSION SYSTEM
dc.subject	PHYSICAL CAPITAL
dc.subject	PRIVATIZATION
dc.subject	PROBABILITY
dc.subject	PRODUCTIVE CAPITAL
dc.subject	PRODUCTIVITY
dc.subject	PROFITABILITY
dc.subject	PROPERTY RIGHTS
dc.subject	PUBLIC INVESTMENT
dc.subject	RATES OF RETURN
dc.subject	REAL ESTATE
dc.subject	RECEIPTS
dc.subject	REPAYMENT
dc.subject	RULE OF LAW
dc.subject	SALARIED WORKERS
dc.subject	SALARY
dc.subject	SAVINGS
dc.subject	SAVINGS ACCOUNT
dc.subject	SELF-EMPLOYMENT
dc.subject	SELF-SUFFICIENCY
dc.subject	SENIOR
dc.subject	SINGLE WOMAN
dc.subject	SINGLE WOMEN
dc.subject	SMALL ENTERPRISE
dc.subject	SMALL ENTERPRISES
dc.subject	SMALL LOANS
dc.subject	SOCIAL EXPECTATIONS
dc.subject	SOCIAL SECURITY
dc.subject	SOURCES OF FINANCE
dc.subject	START-UP
dc.subject	START-UPS
dc.subject	SUPPLY OF CREDIT
dc.subject	TERM CONTRACTS
dc.subject	TERMINATION
dc.subject	UNDP
dc.subject	UNITED NATIONS
dc.subject	UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME
dc.subject	UNITED STATES AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT
dc.subject	UNMARRIED WOMEN
dc.subject	URBAN AREAS
dc.subject	USAID
dc.subject	WAGE
dc.subject	WAGE GAP
dc.subject	WAGES
dc.subject	WIFE
dc.subject	WILL
dc.subject	WOMAN
dc.subject	WOMEN BUSINESS OWNERS
dc.subject	WORK HOURS
dc.subject	WORKING CAPITAL
dc.subject	WORKING MOTHERS
dc.subject	YEARS OF SERVICE
dc.subject	YOUNG CHILDREN
dc.title	Gender in Bolivian Production : Reducing Differences in Formality and Productivity of Firms
dc.type	Publications & Research :: Publication
dc.type	Publications & Research :: Publication
dc.coverage	Latin America & Caribbean
dc.coverage	South America
dc.coverage	Latin America
dc.coverage	Bolivia