Turkey - Country Economic Memorandum Informality : Causes, Consequences, Policies

World Bank

dc.creator	World Bank
dc.date	2012-03-19T10:22:30Z
dc.date	2012-03-19T10:22:30Z
dc.date	2010-03-02
dc.date.accessioned	2023-02-17T20:42:37Z
dc.date.available	2023-02-17T20:42:37Z
dc.identifier	http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/main?menuPK=64187510&pagePK=64193027&piPK=64187937&theSitePK=523679&menuPK=64187510&searchMenuPK=64187283&siteName=WDS&entityID=000333038_20100421001215
dc.identifier	http://hdl.handle.net/10986/2843
dc.identifier.uri	http://localhost:8080/xmlui/handle/CUHPOERS/243200
dc.description	Informality in Turkey, using various definitions, and despite the signs of a recent decline in certain segments of the economy, is widespread. The level of informality is not excessively high, however, taking into account Turkey's level of income. While firm non-registration is not very common, underreporting of revenues and wages and non-registration of workers with the social security system are more prevalent. This report argues that success in reducing informality requires an integrated policy response. While no single 'sufficient' policy tool will be likely to increase formalization significantly, a combination of policies may move the economy to a new equilibrium with higher formalization. The report discusses the need to strengthen auditing capacity, effectiveness and targeting, to ease labor market regulations, and to communicate effectively with the public on the costs of informality and the benefits of formalization. This report is organized in six chapters. The second chapter introduces definitions and the conceptual framework for the analysis conducted. The third chapter provides a portrait of informality in Turkey, outlines certain issues of measurement, and presents the main trends using various decompositions. The fourth and fifth chapters discuss the costs (consequences) and the causes of informality, respectively, with a specific focus on informal employment. The final chapter presents a suggested integrated policy approach to reduce informality and provides concluding remarks.
dc.language	English
dc.publisher	World Bank
dc.rights	CC BY 3.0 IGO
dc.rights	http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/
dc.rights	World Bank
dc.subject	ACTIVE LABOR
dc.subject	AGE GROUP
dc.subject	AGE GROUPS
dc.subject	AGGREGATE INCOME
dc.subject	AGRICULTURE
dc.subject	AUDITS
dc.subject	BANK CREDIT
dc.subject	BANKING CRISIS
dc.subject	BANKING REGULATION
dc.subject	BASE YEAR
dc.subject	BENEFICIAL EFFECTS
dc.subject	BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT
dc.subject	BUSINESS PRACTICES
dc.subject	BUSINESS REGULATIONS
dc.subject	CASH PAYMENT
dc.subject	CASH PAYMENTS
dc.subject	CASH TRANSFER
dc.subject	CASUAL WORKERS
dc.subject	CHECKS
dc.subject	CLERKS
dc.subject	COMPENSATORY POLICIES
dc.subject	CORPORATE TAXES
dc.subject	CRAFTSMEN
dc.subject	CREDIT CARDS
dc.subject	CURRENCY
dc.subject	DEPOSIT
dc.subject	DEVELOPING ECONOMIES
dc.subject	DIVIDEND
dc.subject	DRIVERS
dc.subject	EARLY RETIREMENT
dc.subject	ECONOMIC ACTIVITY
dc.subject	ECONOMIC CONDITIONS
dc.subject	ECONOMIC COOPERATION
dc.subject	ECONOMIC CRISIS
dc.subject	ECONOMIC GROWTH
dc.subject	ECONOMIC RESEARCH
dc.subject	ECONOMIES OF SCALE
dc.subject	EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT
dc.subject	ELASTICITY
dc.subject	EMERGING MARKET
dc.subject	EMERGING MARKET ECONOMIES
dc.subject	EMPLOYEE
dc.subject	EMPLOYMENT
dc.subject	EMPLOYMENT COMPOSITION
dc.subject	EMPLOYMENT EFFECTS
dc.subject	EMPLOYMENT LEGISLATION
dc.subject	EMPLOYMENT PROTECTION LEGISLATION
dc.subject	EMPLOYMENT STATUS
dc.subject	ENTERPRISE PERFORMANCE
dc.subject	EXPECTED VALUE
dc.subject	EXPENDITURE
dc.subject	FACTORS OF PRODUCTION
dc.subject	FEMALE LABOR
dc.subject	FIRM PERFORMANCE
dc.subject	FIRM SIZE
dc.subject	FIRM SURVEY
dc.subject	FIRM SURVEYS
dc.subject	FIRM-LEVEL ANALYSIS
dc.subject	FLEXIBLE LABOR MARKETS
dc.subject	FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT
dc.subject	FORMAL SECTOR WORKERS
dc.subject	FREE RIDER
dc.subject	FREE TRADE
dc.subject	GDP
dc.subject	GDP PER CAPITA
dc.subject	GOVERNMENT REVENUE
dc.subject	GOVERNMENT REVENUES
dc.subject	GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT
dc.subject	GROSS WAGE
dc.subject	GROWTH POTENTIAL
dc.subject	GROWTH RATE
dc.subject	HEALTH INSURANCE
dc.subject	HOLDING
dc.subject	HOUSEHOLD INCOME
dc.subject	HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS
dc.subject	HUMAN CAPITAL
dc.subject	INCENTIVE EFFECTS
dc.subject	INCOME GROWTH
dc.subject	INCOME LEVEL
dc.subject	INCOME LEVELS
dc.subject	INCOME SHOCKS
dc.subject	INCOME TAX
dc.subject	INCOME TAXES
dc.subject	INCOMES
dc.subject	INFORMAL ECONOMY
dc.subject	INFORMAL EMPLOYMENT
dc.subject	INFORMAL SECTOR
dc.subject	INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
dc.subject	INNOVATION
dc.subject	INSURANCE PREMIUMS
dc.subject	INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS
dc.subject	INVESTMENT CLIMATE
dc.subject	JOB LOSSES
dc.subject	JOB OFFER
dc.subject	JOBS
dc.subject	LABOR COSTS
dc.subject	LABOR DEMAND
dc.subject	LABOR FORCE
dc.subject	LABOR LAW
dc.subject	LABOR LEGISLATION
dc.subject	LABOR MARKET
dc.subject	LABOR MARKET FLEXIBILITY
dc.subject	LABOR MARKET REFORMS
dc.subject	LABOR MARKET REGULATIONS
dc.subject	LABOR MARKETS
dc.subject	LABOR ORGANIZATION
dc.subject	LABOR PRODUCTIVITY
dc.subject	LABOR REGULATION
dc.subject	LABOR REGULATIONS
dc.subject	LABOR SUPPLY
dc.subject	LABOR UNIONS
dc.subject	LAYOFFS
dc.subject	LEVEL PLAYING FIELD
dc.subject	MACROECONOMIC STABILIZATION
dc.subject	MALE WORKERS
dc.subject	MARKET ECONOMIES
dc.subject	MARKET PLAYERS
dc.subject	MICRO DATA
dc.subject	MIDDLE-INCOME COUNTRIES
dc.subject	MINIMUM WAGE
dc.subject	NET EMPLOYMENT
dc.subject	NET EMPLOYMENT EFFECTS
dc.subject	OCCUPATION
dc.subject	OCCUPATIONS
dc.subject	OLDER WORKERS
dc.subject	OUTPUT
dc.subject	PAID WORKER
dc.subject	PAID WORKERS
dc.subject	PENSION
dc.subject	PENSION SYSTEM
dc.subject	PERFORMANCE INDICATORS
dc.subject	PERSONAL INCOME
dc.subject	POLICY RESPONSE
dc.subject	POTENTIAL OUTPUT
dc.subject	POWER PARITY
dc.subject	PREVIOUS STUDIES
dc.subject	PREVIOUS WORK
dc.subject	PRIMARY EDUCATION
dc.subject	PRIVATE FIRM
dc.subject	PRIVATE SECTOR
dc.subject	PRODUCTIVE ACTIVITIES
dc.subject	PRODUCTIVITY EFFECTS
dc.subject	PRODUCTIVITY GAINS
dc.subject	PRODUCTIVITY GAP
dc.subject	PRODUCTIVITY LEVELS
dc.subject	PUBLIC SERVICES
dc.subject	PUBLIC SPENDING
dc.subject	PUBLIC UTILITY
dc.subject	PURCHASING POWER
dc.subject	RAPID EXPANSION
dc.subject	REAL ESTATE
dc.subject	REAL INCOME
dc.subject	REGULAR EMPLOYMENT
dc.subject	REGULAR WORKERS
dc.subject	REGULATORY AUTHORITY
dc.subject	REGULATORY BODY
dc.subject	RETIREMENT AGE
dc.subject	RETURNS
dc.subject	RULE OF LAW
dc.subject	RURAL EMPLOYMENT
dc.subject	SAFETY
dc.subject	SAFETY NET
dc.subject	SAFETY NETS
dc.subject	SAFETY STANDARDS
dc.subject	SALARIED WORKERS
dc.subject	SECRETARIES
dc.subject	SELF EMPLOYMENT
dc.subject	SEMISKILLED WORKERS
dc.subject	SERVICE SECTOR
dc.subject	SEVERANCE BENEFITS
dc.subject	SEVERANCE PAY
dc.subject	SEVERANCE PAYMENTS
dc.subject	SKILLED LABOR
dc.subject	SKILLED WORKERS
dc.subject	SOCIAL CAPITAL
dc.subject	SOCIAL COHESION
dc.subject	SOCIAL PROTECTION
dc.subject	SOCIAL SAFETY NET
dc.subject	SOCIAL SAFETY NETS
dc.subject	SUPPLIERS
dc.subject	SUSTAINABLE GROWTH
dc.subject	TAX COLLECTION
dc.subject	TAX LIABILITIES
dc.subject	TAX OBLIGATIONS
dc.subject	TAX POLICIES
dc.subject	TAX POLICY
dc.subject	TAX RATES
dc.subject	TAX REVENUES
dc.subject	TAX STRUCTURE
dc.subject	TAX SYSTEM
dc.subject	TAXATION
dc.subject	TOTAL EMPLOYMENT
dc.subject	TOTAL FACTOR PRODUCTIVITY
dc.subject	TOTAL LABOR FORCE
dc.subject	TRACK RECORD
dc.subject	TRADE UNIONS
dc.subject	TRANSPARENCY
dc.subject	TREASURY
dc.subject	UNDERVALUATION
dc.subject	UNEMPLOYMENT
dc.subject	UNEMPLOYMENT INSURANCE
dc.subject	UNEMPLOYMENT INSURANCE BENEFITS
dc.subject	UNFAIR COMPETITION
dc.subject	UNPAID FAMILY WORKERS
dc.subject	UNSKILLED LABOR
dc.subject	UNSKILLED WORKERS
dc.subject	URBANIZATION
dc.subject	VALUE ADDED
dc.subject	WAGE DIFFERENTIAL
dc.subject	WAGE DIFFERENTIALS
dc.subject	WAGE EMPLOYMENT
dc.subject	WAGE GAP
dc.subject	WAGES
dc.subject	WORKER
dc.subject	WORKER PRODUCTIVITY
dc.subject	WORKERS
dc.subject	WORKING CONDITIONS
dc.subject	YOUNG WORKERS
dc.subject	YOUNGER WORKERS
dc.title	Turkey - Country Economic Memorandum Informality : Causes, Consequences, Policies
dc.type	Economic & Sector Work :: Country Economic Memorandum
dc.coverage	Europe and Central Asia
dc.coverage	Middle East
dc.coverage	Europe
dc.coverage	Eastern Europe
dc.coverage	Asia
dc.coverage	Turkey