Politics and Preschool : The Political Economy of Investment in Pre-Primary Education

Kosec, Katrina

dc.creator	Kosec, Katrina
dc.date	2012-03-19T18:01:59Z
dc.date	2012-03-19T18:01:59Z
dc.date	2011-05-01
dc.date.accessioned	2023-02-17T20:56:17Z
dc.date.available	2023-02-17T20:56:17Z
dc.identifier	http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/main?menuPK=64187510&pagePK=64193027&piPK=64187937&theSitePK=523679&menuPK=64187510&searchMenuPK=64187283&siteName=WDS&entityID=000158349_20110502113258
dc.identifier	http://hdl.handle.net/10986/3411
dc.identifier.uri	http://localhost:8080/xmlui/handle/CUHPOERS/244375
dc.description	What drives governments with similar revenues to publicly provide very different amounts of goods for which private substitutes are available? Key examples are education and health care. This paper compares spending by Brazilian municipalities on pre-primary education -- a good that is also provided privately -- with spending on public infrastructure like parks and roads, which lacks private substitutes. Panel data from 1995-2008 reveal how the distribution of income affects public investment. Revenue is endogenous to investment outcomes, and the analysis addresses this problem by exploiting a 1998, nationwide education finance reform and several revisions to the policy. The author constructs a variable that captures exogenous variation in revenue generated by nonlinearities of the law to instrument for observed revenue. Municipalities with higher median income and more inequality are less likely to allocate revenue to education or to expand pre-primary enrollment. They are more likely to allocate revenue to public infrastructure. There is suggestive evidence that this occurs for two reasons, hypothesized in two separate literatures. In rich and unequal municipalities, fewer total people support public education spending (the collective choice channel), and also, any given poor person wanting public education has less influence over policymakers there (the political power channel).
dc.language	English
dc.relation	Policy Research working paper ; no. WPS 5647
dc.rights	CC BY 3.0 IGO
dc.rights	http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/
dc.rights	World Bank
dc.subject	ACCESS TO SERVICES
dc.subject	AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS
dc.subject	BASIC EDUCATION
dc.subject	BASIC EDUCATION INVESTMENT
dc.subject	BENEFITS OF INVESTMENT
dc.subject	BRIBES
dc.subject	CHILD CARE
dc.subject	CITIES
dc.subject	CLASS SIZE
dc.subject	DATA ON STUDENTS
dc.subject	DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS
dc.subject	EARNINGS
dc.subject	ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
dc.subject	ECONOMIC POLICY
dc.subject	ECONOMIES OF SCALE
dc.subject	EDUCATION EXPENDITURES
dc.subject	EDUCATION FINANCE
dc.subject	EDUCATION FUND
dc.subject	EDUCATION FUNDS
dc.subject	EDUCATION SECTOR
dc.subject	EDUCATION STANDARDS
dc.subject	EDUCATION SYSTEM
dc.subject	ELECTRICITY
dc.subject	ELEMENTARY EDUCATION
dc.subject	EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES
dc.subject	ENROLLMENT RATE
dc.subject	ENROLLMENT RATES
dc.subject	EQUAL ACCESS
dc.subject	EQUALIZATION
dc.subject	ETHNIC GROUPS
dc.subject	EXCHANGE RATE
dc.subject	EXCLUSION
dc.subject	FELLOWSHIP
dc.subject	FINANCES
dc.subject	FISCAL FEDERALISM
dc.subject	FORMAL SCHOOLING
dc.subject	GENDER
dc.subject	GRADE LEVELS
dc.subject	HEAD START
dc.subject	HIGHER ENROLLMENT
dc.subject	HOUSEHOLD INCOME
dc.subject	HOUSEHOLDS
dc.subject	HUMAN CAPITAL
dc.subject	HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
dc.subject	INCOME
dc.subject	INCOME DISTRIBUTION
dc.subject	INEQUALITY
dc.subject	INTERGOVERNMENTAL TRANSFERS
dc.subject	INTERNATIONAL BANK
dc.subject	INTERVENTIONS
dc.subject	INVESTMENT DECISIONS
dc.subject	LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION
dc.subject	LOCAL GOVERNMENT
dc.subject	LOCAL GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURES
dc.subject	LOCAL GOVERNMENTS
dc.subject	LOCAL TAXES
dc.subject	MAYORS
dc.subject	MEDIAN VOTER MODEL
dc.subject	MUNICIPAL ELECTIONS
dc.subject	MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENT
dc.subject	MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENTS
dc.subject	MUNICIPALITIES
dc.subject	MUNICIPALITY
dc.subject	PER CAPITA INCOME
dc.subject	POLITICAL ECONOMY
dc.subject	POLITICAL POWER
dc.subject	POOR ACCESS
dc.subject	PREPRIMARY EDUCATION
dc.subject	PRESCHOOL CHILDREN
dc.subject	PRESCHOOL EDUCATION
dc.subject	PRESCHOOL ENROLLMENT
dc.subject	PRIMARY EDUCATION
dc.subject	PRIMARY EDUCATION QUALITY
dc.subject	PRIMARY ENROLLMENT
dc.subject	PRIMARY ENROLLMENT RATE
dc.subject	PRIMARY SCHOOL
dc.subject	PRIMARY SCHOOL AGE
dc.subject	PRIMARY SCHOOL CHILD
dc.subject	PRIMARY SCHOOL STUDENTS
dc.subject	PRIMARY SCHOOLS
dc.subject	PRIMARY STUDENTS
dc.subject	PRIMARY TEACHER
dc.subject	PRIMARY TEACHERS
dc.subject	PRIVATE EDUCATION
dc.subject	PRIVATE SCHOOL
dc.subject	PRIVATE SCHOOLING
dc.subject	PRIVATE SCHOOLS
dc.subject	PRIVATE SECTOR
dc.subject	PUBLIC
dc.subject	PUBLIC EDUCATION
dc.subject	PUBLIC EDUCATION SPENDING
dc.subject	PUBLIC EXPENDITURE
dc.subject	PUBLIC FINANCE
dc.subject	PUBLIC FUNDS
dc.subject	PUBLIC GOODS
dc.subject	PUBLIC INFRASTRUCTURE
dc.subject	PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS
dc.subject	PUBLIC INVESTMENT
dc.subject	PUBLIC OFFICIALS
dc.subject	PUBLIC POLICY
dc.subject	PUBLIC PROVISION
dc.subject	PUBLIC RESOURCES
dc.subject	PUBLIC SCHOOL
dc.subject	PUBLIC SCHOOLS
dc.subject	PUBLIC SECTOR
dc.subject	PUBLIC SECTOR COUNTERPARTS
dc.subject	PUBLIC SPENDING
dc.subject	PUBLIC TRANSIT
dc.subject	PURCHASING POWER
dc.subject	RECEIPTS
dc.subject	REVENUE TRANSFERS
dc.subject	ROADS
dc.subject	RURAL AREAS
dc.subject	SCHOOL ATTENDANCE
dc.subject	SCHOOL BUILDING
dc.subject	SCHOOL DISTRICTS
dc.subject	SCHOOL FACILITY
dc.subject	SCHOOL FINANCE
dc.subject	SCHOOL QUALITY
dc.subject	SCHOOL TUITION
dc.subject	SCHOOLING QUALITY
dc.subject	SOCIAL WELFARE
dc.subject	STATE GOVERNMENT
dc.subject	STATE GOVERNMENTS
dc.subject	TAX
dc.subject	TAX COLLECTION
dc.subject	TAX REVENUE
dc.subject	TEACHERS
dc.subject	TRANSPARENCY
dc.subject	TREASURY
dc.subject	UNION
dc.subject	UNIVERSAL PRIMARY EDUCATION
dc.subject	URBAN AREAS
dc.subject	URBAN DEVELOPMENT
dc.subject	URBAN POOR
dc.subject	URBANIZATION
dc.subject	VILLAGE
dc.subject	VILLAGES
dc.subject	VOTERS
dc.title	Politics and Preschool : The Political Economy of Investment in Pre-Primary Education
dc.type	Publications & Research :: Policy Research Working Paper
dc.coverage	Latin America & Caribbean
dc.coverage	Latin America & Caribbean