Deep Trade Policy Options for Armenia : The Importance of Services, Trade Facilitation and Standards Liberalization

Jensen, Jesper; Tarr, David G.

dc.creator	Jensen, Jesper
dc.creator	Tarr, David G.
dc.date	2012-03-19T18:02:14Z
dc.date	2012-03-19T18:02:14Z
dc.date	2011-05-01
dc.date.accessioned	2023-02-17T20:56:31Z
dc.date.available	2023-02-17T20:56:31Z
dc.identifier	http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/main?menuPK=64187510&pagePK=64193027&piPK=64187937&theSitePK=523679&menuPK=64187510&searchMenuPK=64187283&siteName=WDS&entityID=000158349_20110518082525
dc.identifier	http://hdl.handle.net/10986/3425
dc.identifier.uri	http://localhost:8080/xmlui/handle/CUHPOERS/244389
dc.description	This paper develops an innovative 21 sector computable general equilibrium model of Armenia to assess the impact on Armenia of a Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Agreement with the European Union, as well as further regional or multilateral trade policy commitments. The analysis finds that such an agreement with the European Union will likely result in substantial gains to Armenia, but shows that the gains derive from the deep aspects of the agreement. In order of importance, the sources of the gains are: (i) trade facilitation and reduction in border costs; (ii) services liberalization; and (iii) standards harmonization. A shallow agreement with the European Union that focuses only on preferential tariff liberalization in goods will likely lead to small losses to Armenia primarily due to a loss of productivity from lost varieties of technologies from the rest of the world region in manufactured products. Additional gains can be expected in the long run from an improvement in the investment climate. The authors estimate only small gains from a services agreement with countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States, but significant gains from expanding services liberalization multilaterally.
dc.language	English
dc.relation	Paper is funded by the Knowledge for Change Program (KCP),Policy Research working paper ; no. WPS 5662
dc.rights	CC BY 3.0 IGO
dc.rights	http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/
dc.rights	World Bank
dc.subject	ADVANCED COUNTRIES
dc.subject	AGRICULTURE
dc.subject	AIR
dc.subject	AIR TRANSPORT
dc.subject	BANKING SERVICES
dc.subject	BASE YEAR
dc.subject	BENCHMARK
dc.subject	BENCHMARK EQUILIBRIUM
dc.subject	CAPITAL GOOD
dc.subject	CAPITAL STOCK
dc.subject	CENTRAL ELASTICITY
dc.subject	COMMODITIES
dc.subject	COMMODITY
dc.subject	COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE
dc.subject	COMPETITIVENESS
dc.subject	CONSTANT ELASTICITY OF TRANSFORMATION
dc.subject	CONSTANT RETURNS TO SCALE
dc.subject	COST REDUCTION
dc.subject	COST STRUCTURE
dc.subject	COST STRUCTURES
dc.subject	COUNTRY OF ORIGIN
dc.subject	CUSTOMS UNION
dc.subject	DEMAND CURVE
dc.subject	DEMAND CURVES
dc.subject	DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
dc.subject	DEVELOPING COUNTRY
dc.subject	DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS
dc.subject	DEVELOPMENT INTENSITY
dc.subject	DEVELOPMENT POLICY
dc.subject	DOMESTIC MARKET
dc.subject	DOMESTIC PRODUCTION
dc.subject	ECONOMETRIC ESTIMATES
dc.subject	ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY
dc.subject	ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY
dc.subject	ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS
dc.subject	ECONOMIC INTEGRATION
dc.subject	ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE
dc.subject	ECONOMIC REFORM
dc.subject	ECONOMIC RESEARCH
dc.subject	ECONOMIC THEORY
dc.subject	ECONOMICS LITERATURE
dc.subject	ELASTICITIES
dc.subject	ELASTICITY
dc.subject	ELASTICITY OF DEMAND
dc.subject	ELASTICITY OF SUBSTITUTION
dc.subject	ELASTICITY OF SUPPLY
dc.subject	ELASTICITY VALUES
dc.subject	EQUILIBRIUM
dc.subject	EXPORT MARKETS
dc.subject	EXPORTERS
dc.subject	EXPORTS
dc.subject	EXTERNALITIES
dc.subject	EXTERNALITY
dc.subject	FACTORS OF PRODUCTION
dc.subject	FEDERAL RESERVE
dc.subject	FEDERAL RESERVE BANK
dc.subject	FINANCIAL SUPPORT
dc.subject	FIRM PERFORMANCE
dc.subject	FIXED RATE
dc.subject	FOOD INDUSTRY
dc.subject	FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT
dc.subject	FOREIGN FIRMS
dc.subject	FOREIGN GOODS
dc.subject	FOREIGN INVESTMENT
dc.subject	FOREIGN OWNERSHIP
dc.subject	FREE ACCESS
dc.subject	FREE TRADE
dc.subject	FREE TRADE AGREEMENT
dc.subject	FREE TRADE AGREEMENTS
dc.subject	GDP
dc.subject	GENERAL EQUILIBRIUM ANALYSIS
dc.subject	GENERAL EQUILIBRIUM MODEL
dc.subject	GLOBAL INTEGRATION
dc.subject	GLOBALIZATION
dc.subject	GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT
dc.subject	HARMONIZATION
dc.subject	IMPERFECT COMPETITION
dc.subject	IMPORT DUTIES
dc.subject	INCOME
dc.subject	INCOMES
dc.subject	INCREASING RETURNS
dc.subject	INCREASING RETURNS TO SCALE
dc.subject	INSPECTION
dc.subject	INSURANCE
dc.subject	INTERMEDIATE GOODS
dc.subject	INTERMEDIATE INPUTS
dc.subject	INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENT
dc.subject	INTERNATIONAL COMPETITIVENESS
dc.subject	INTERNATIONAL NEGOTIATIONS
dc.subject	INTERNATIONAL TRADE
dc.subject	INVESTMENT BARRIERS
dc.subject	INVESTMENT CLIMATE
dc.subject	KNOWLEDGE SPILLOVERS
dc.subject	LAND TRANSPORT
dc.subject	LEGAL FRAMEWORK
dc.subject	LESS DEVELOPED COUNTRIES
dc.subject	LOCALIZATION
dc.subject	LOSS OF TARIFF REVENUE
dc.subject	MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY
dc.subject	MANUFACTURING PRODUCTIVITY
dc.subject	MARGINAL COST
dc.subject	MARGINAL COSTS
dc.subject	MARGINAL PRODUCT
dc.subject	MARGINAL REVENUE
dc.subject	MARKET ACCESS
dc.subject	MARKET SHARE
dc.subject	MARKET SHARES
dc.subject	MONOPOLISTIC COMPETITION
dc.subject	MULTILATERAL TRADE
dc.subject	MULTINATIONAL FIRMS
dc.subject	OPEN ECONOMIES
dc.subject	OPEN ECONOMY
dc.subject	OPENNESS
dc.subject	OPTIMAL TARIFFS
dc.subject	OPTIMIZATION
dc.subject	OUTPUT
dc.subject	PREFERENTIAL AGREEMENT
dc.subject	PREFERENTIAL AGREEMENTS
dc.subject	PREFERENTIAL REDUCTION
dc.subject	PREFERENTIAL TARIFF
dc.subject	PREFERENTIAL TRADE
dc.subject	PREFERENTIAL TRADE AGREEMENTS
dc.subject	PREFERENTIAL TRADE AREAS
dc.subject	PRICE INDEX
dc.subject	PRIMARY FACTORS
dc.subject	PRIMARY FACTORS OF PRODUCTION
dc.subject	PRODUCT DIFFERENTIATION
dc.subject	PRODUCTION COSTS
dc.subject	PRODUCTION FUNCTION
dc.subject	PRODUCTIVITY
dc.subject	PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH
dc.subject	PRODUCTIVITY INCREASES
dc.subject	RAILROAD
dc.subject	RAILWAY
dc.subject	RAILWAYS
dc.subject	RATE OF RETURN
dc.subject	RATE OF RETURN ON CAPITAL
dc.subject	REAL ESTATE
dc.subject	REDUCTION OF BARRIERS
dc.subject	REGIONAL INTEGRATION
dc.subject	REGIONAL TRADE
dc.subject	REGIONAL TRADE AGREEMENTS
dc.subject	REGIONALISM
dc.subject	REGULATORY BARRIERS
dc.subject	REGULATORY ENVIRONMENT
dc.subject	REGULATORY REGIMES
dc.subject	RETURNS TO SCALE
dc.subject	ROAD TRANSPORT
dc.subject	RULES OF ORIGIN
dc.subject	SAFETY
dc.subject	SINGLE MARKET
dc.subject	SMALL COUNTRIES
dc.subject	SUPPLY CURVE
dc.subject	SUPPLY CURVES
dc.subject	TARIFF BARRIERS
dc.subject	TARIFF DATA
dc.subject	TARIFF EQUIVALENCE
dc.subject	TARIFF PREFERENCES
dc.subject	TARIFF PROTECTION
dc.subject	TARIFF RATE
dc.subject	TARIFF RATES
dc.subject	TARIFF REDUCTION
dc.subject	TARIFF REVENUE
dc.subject	TAX
dc.subject	TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER
dc.subject	TELECOMMUNICATIONS
dc.subject	TERMS OF TRADE
dc.subject	TERMS OF TRADE EFFECTS
dc.subject	THIRD WORLD
dc.subject	TOTAL FACTOR PRODUCTIVITY
dc.subject	TRADE BARRIERS
dc.subject	TRADE DATA
dc.subject	TRADE DIVERSION
dc.subject	TRADE DIVERSION COSTS
dc.subject	TRADE FACILITATION
dc.subject	TRADE FLOW DATA
dc.subject	TRADE LIBERALIZATION
dc.subject	TRADE PARTNERS
dc.subject	TRADE PATTERNS
dc.subject	TRADE POLICY
dc.subject	TRADE REFORM
dc.subject	TRANSITION ECONOMIES
dc.subject	TRANSMISSION OF KNOWLEDGE
dc.subject	TRANSMISSION OF TECHNOLOGY
dc.subject	TRANSPORT
dc.subject	TRANSPORT ACTIVITIES
dc.subject	TRANSPORT SERVICES
dc.subject	TRANSPORTATION
dc.subject	TRANSPORTATION COSTS
dc.subject	TRANSPORTATION SERVICES
dc.subject	TRUCKS
dc.subject	TRUE
dc.subject	UNIFORM TARIFFS
dc.subject	UNILATERAL LIBERALIZATION
dc.subject	UNILATERAL REFORM
dc.subject	URUGUAY ROUND
dc.subject	VARIABLE COSTS
dc.subject	VEHICLE
dc.subject	WELFARE GAINS
dc.subject	WELFARE IMPACTS
dc.subject	WELFARE LOSS
dc.subject	WORLD ECONOMY
dc.subject	WORLD INVESTMENT REPORT
dc.subject	WORLD TRADE
dc.subject	WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION
dc.subject	WTO
dc.subject	ZERO PROFITS
dc.subject	ZERO TARIFFS
dc.title	Deep Trade Policy Options for Armenia : The Importance of Services, Trade Facilitation and Standards Liberalization
dc.type	Publications & Research :: Policy Research Working Paper
dc.coverage	Europe and Central Asia
dc.coverage	Europe and Central Asia
dc.coverage	Eastern Europe
dc.coverage	Commonwealth of Independent States
dc.coverage	Asia
dc.coverage	Armenia