Addressing Educational Disparity : Using District Level Education Development Indices for Equitable Resource Allocations in India

Jhingran, Dhir; Sankar, Deepa

dc.creator	Jhingran, Dhir
dc.creator	Sankar, Deepa
dc.date	2012-03-19T19:10:46Z
dc.date	2012-03-19T19:10:46Z
dc.date	2009-06-01
dc.date.accessioned	2023-02-17T21:10:03Z
dc.date.available	2023-02-17T21:10:03Z
dc.identifier	http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/main?menuPK=64187510&pagePK=64193027&piPK=64187937&theSitePK=523679&menuPK=64187510&searchMenuPK=64187283&siteName=WDS&entityID=000158349_20090604092157
dc.identifier	http://hdl.handle.net/10986/4147
dc.identifier.uri	http://localhost:8080/xmlui/handle/CUHPOERS/245184
dc.description	The challenge of development work in the social sector in India today is one of bridging huge disparities across regions of the country, gender and social groups. Unless national and state policies specifically target resources to address these disparities, achieving higher level outcomes in an inclusive manner, which is the real goal for human development in education and health, will be a distant dream. This paper takes up the case of the Indian government s Elementary Education for All Mission to understand how this flagship program relates investments to spatial and social disparities. For identifying the most deprived districts in terms of educational inputs, outputs and overall development, the authors estimate district level education development indices for 2003-2004. The contribution of the largest investment program is measured by "per child allocations" and expenditures at the state and district levels for 2005-2006. An analysis of comparing the ratio of allocations to expenditures with the ratio of district level indices to sub-dimensional indices shows that there is an apparent disconnect between the "real investment needs" of the districts, reflected in their level of educational development and the actual allocations made on an annual basis. The analysis shows that although all districts received more funds for investing in elementary education programs, the most disadvantaged and needy districts received proportionately more funds, which helped these districts to bridge access and infrastructure gaps and appoint more teachers. Benchmarking sector development by spatial entities helps not only in monitoring the outcomes, but also in targeting planning and funding to reduce disparities.
dc.language	English
dc.relation	Policy Research working paper ; no. WPS 4955
dc.rights	CC BY 3.0 IGO
dc.rights	http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/
dc.rights	World Bank
dc.subject	ACCESS TO EDUCATION
dc.subject	ADDITIONAL FUNDS
dc.subject	ADDITIONAL RESOURCES
dc.subject	ADULT LITERACY
dc.subject	AGE GROUP
dc.subject	ALTERNATIVE EDUCATION
dc.subject	ALTERNATIVE EDUCATION CENTERS
dc.subject	ARITHMETIC
dc.subject	ARITHMETIC MEAN
dc.subject	ATTENDING SCHOOL
dc.subject	AVAILABILITY OF CLASSROOMS
dc.subject	AVAILABILITY OF SCHOOLS
dc.subject	AVAILABILITY OF TEACHERS
dc.subject	BUDGETING
dc.subject	CAPITAL EXPENDITURE
dc.subject	CAPITAL EXPENDITURES
dc.subject	CAPITAL GOODS
dc.subject	CHILD LABOR
dc.subject	CLASSROOM
dc.subject	CLASSROOM RATIO
dc.subject	CLASSROOMS
dc.subject	COMPLETION RATES
dc.subject	CONTRIBUTION
dc.subject	CURRICULUM
dc.subject	DECISION MAKING
dc.subject	DISADVANTAGED GROUPS
dc.subject	DROP-OUT RATES
dc.subject	DROPOUT RATE
dc.subject	DROPOUT RATES
dc.subject	ECONOMIC DEPRIVATION
dc.subject	EDUCATION DEVELOPMENT
dc.subject	EDUCATION EXPENDITURES
dc.subject	EDUCATION FACILITIES
dc.subject	EDUCATION FOR ALL
dc.subject	EDUCATION OF GIRLS
dc.subject	EDUCATION PLANNING
dc.subject	EDUCATION PROGRAMS
dc.subject	EDUCATION SECTOR
dc.subject	EDUCATION SERVICES
dc.subject	EDUCATION STATISTICS
dc.subject	EDUCATION SYSTEM
dc.subject	EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENTS
dc.subject	EDUCATIONAL DEVELOPMENT
dc.subject	EDUCATIONAL DISADVANTAGE
dc.subject	EDUCATIONAL DISPARITIES
dc.subject	EDUCATIONAL INDICATORS
dc.subject	EDUCATIONAL INFRASTRUCTURE
dc.subject	EDUCATIONAL INPUTS
dc.subject	EDUCATIONAL OUTCOMES
dc.subject	EDUCATIONAL PLANNING
dc.subject	EDUCATIONAL SERVICES
dc.subject	ELEMENTARY EDUCATION
dc.subject	ENROLLMENT
dc.subject	ENROLMENT RATES
dc.subject	ENROLMENT RATIO
dc.subject	EQUITABLE ALLOCATION
dc.subject	EQUITABLE DISTRIBUTION
dc.subject	FEMALE LITERACY
dc.subject	FEMALE LITERACY RATE
dc.subject	FINANCES
dc.subject	FINANCIAL GUIDELINES
dc.subject	FINANCIAL INVESTMENT
dc.subject	FINANCIAL INVESTMENTS
dc.subject	FINANCIAL RESOURCES
dc.subject	FREE TEXTBOOKS
dc.subject	GENDER DISPARITY
dc.subject	GENDER GAP
dc.subject	GENDER GAP IN ENROLMENTS
dc.subject	GENDER PARITY
dc.subject	GENDER PARITY INDEX
dc.subject	GIRLS
dc.subject	GLOBAL MONITORING
dc.subject	HIGH DROPOUT
dc.subject	HIGHER EDUCATION
dc.subject	HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
dc.subject	INTERVENTIONS
dc.subject	INVESTING
dc.subject	INVESTMENT PROGRAM
dc.subject	KEY ROLE
dc.subject	LEARNING
dc.subject	LEVELS OF LITERACY
dc.subject	LINGUISTIC MINORITIES
dc.subject	LITERACY
dc.subject	LITERACY EDUCATION
dc.subject	LITERACY RATES
dc.subject	NATIONAL UNIVERSITY
dc.subject	NER
dc.subject	NET ENROLMENT
dc.subject	NET ENROLMENT RATIO
dc.subject	NUMBER OF SCHOOLS
dc.subject	NUTRITION
dc.subject	OUT OF SCHOOL CHILDREN
dc.subject	OUT-OF-SCHOOL CHILDREN
dc.subject	PHYSICAL ACCESS
dc.subject	PHYSICAL INFRASTRUCTURE
dc.subject	POVERTY ALLEVIATION
dc.subject	POVERTY REDUCTION
dc.subject	PRIMARY COMPLETION
dc.subject	PRIMARY COMPLETION RATE
dc.subject	PRIMARY EDUCATION
dc.subject	PRIMARY EDUCATION PROGRAM
dc.subject	PRIMARY GRADES
dc.subject	PRIMARY LEVEL
dc.subject	PRIMARY LEVEL EDUCATION
dc.subject	PRIMARY LEVELS
dc.subject	PRIMARY SCHOOL
dc.subject	PRIMARY SCHOOL COMPLETION
dc.subject	PRIMARY SCHOOLS
dc.subject	PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS
dc.subject	PUPIL TEACHER RATIO
dc.subject	PUPIL-TEACHER RATIO
dc.subject	QUALITY OF EDUCATION
dc.subject	QUALITY OF INFRASTRUCTURE
dc.subject	REASONING
dc.subject	REPETITION RATES
dc.subject	RESOURCE ALLOCATIONS
dc.subject	RESPONSIBILITIES
dc.subject	SALARIES
dc.subject	SALARY
dc.subject	SCHOOL BUILDINGS
dc.subject	SCHOOL CONSTRUCTION
dc.subject	SCHOOL COVERAGE
dc.subject	SCHOOL DATA
dc.subject	SCHOOL FACILITIES
dc.subject	SCHOOL INFRASTRUCTURE
dc.subject	SCHOOL LEVEL
dc.subject	SCHOOL RATIO
dc.subject	SCHOOL SYSTEM
dc.subject	SCHOOLS FOR GIRLS
dc.subject	SENIOR
dc.subject	SERVICE TRAINING
dc.subject	SOCIAL GROUPS
dc.subject	SUPPORT GROUP
dc.subject	TEACHER
dc.subject	TEACHERS
dc.subject	TEXTBOOK
dc.subject	TEXTBOOK DISTRIBUTION
dc.subject	TRAINING OF TEACHERS
dc.subject	UNIVERSAL ELEMENTARY EDUCATION
dc.subject	UNIVERSAL ENROLMENT
dc.subject	UNIVERSAL PRIMARY EDUCATION
dc.subject	UPPER PRIMARY
dc.subject	VULNERABLE GROUPS
dc.title	Addressing Educational Disparity : Using District Level Education Development Indices for Equitable Resource Allocations in India
dc.type	Publications & Research :: Policy Research Working Paper
dc.coverage	South Asia
dc.coverage	South Asia
dc.coverage	South Asia
dc.coverage	Asia
dc.coverage	India