| dc.contributor |
Civil and Environmental Engineering |
|
| dc.creator |
Martin, Rebekah L. |
|
| dc.creator |
Harrison, Kara |
|
| dc.creator |
Proctor, Caitlin R. |
|
| dc.creator |
Martin, Amanda |
|
| dc.creator |
Williams, Krista |
|
| dc.creator |
Pruden, Amy |
|
| dc.creator |
Edwards, Marc A. |
|
| dc.date |
2020-09-28T12:38:59Z |
|
| dc.date |
2020-09-28T12:38:59Z |
|
| dc.date |
2020-09-22 |
|
| dc.date |
2020-09-25T13:30:27Z |
|
| dc.date.accessioned |
2023-03-01T18:52:20Z |
|
| dc.date.available |
2023-03-01T18:52:20Z |
|
| dc.identifier |
Martin, R.L.; Harrison, K.; Proctor, C.R.; Martin, A.; Williams, K.; Pruden, A.; Edwards, M.A. Chlorine Disinfection of Legionella spp., L. pneumophila, and Acanthamoeba under Warm Water Premise Plumbing Conditions. Microorganisms 2020, 8, 1452. |
|
| dc.identifier |
http://hdl.handle.net/10919/100077 |
|
| dc.identifier |
https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8091452 |
|
| dc.identifier.uri |
http://localhost:8080/xmlui/handle/CUHPOERS/281608 |
|
| dc.description |
Premise plumbing conditions can contribute to low chlorine or chloramine disinfectant residuals and reactions that encourage opportunistic pathogen growth and create risk of Legionnaires’ Disease outbreaks. This bench-scale study investigated the growth of <i>Legionella</i> spp. and <i>Acanthamoeba</i> in direct contact with premise plumbing materials—glass-only control, cross-linked polyethylene (PEX) pipe, magnesium anode rods, iron pipe, iron oxide, pH 10, or a combination of factors. Simulated glass water heaters (SGWHs) were colonized by <i>Legionella pneumophila</i> and exposed to a sequence of 0, 0.1, 0.25, and 0.5 mg/L chlorine or chloramine, at two levels of total organic carbon (TOC), over 8 weeks. <i>Legionella pneumophila</i> thrived in the presence of the magnesium anode by itself and or combination with other factors. In most cases, 0.5 mg/L Cl<sub>2</sub> caused a significant rapid reduction of <i>L. pneumophila</i>, <i>Legionella</i> spp., or total bacteria (16S rRNA) gene copy numbers, but at higher TOC (>1.0 mg C/L), a chlorine residual of 0.5 mg/L Cl<sub>2</sub> was not effective. Notably, <i>Acanthamoeba</i> was not significantly reduced by the 0.5 mg/L chlorine dose. |
|
| dc.description |
Published version |
|
| dc.format |
application/pdf |
|
| dc.format |
application/pdf |
|
| dc.language |
en |
|
| dc.publisher |
MDPI |
|
| dc.rights |
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International |
|
| dc.rights |
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ |
|
| dc.subject |
opportunistic pathogens |
|
| dc.subject |
drinking water |
|
| dc.subject |
premise plumbing |
|
| dc.subject |
bacteria |
|
| dc.subject |
chlorine |
|
| dc.subject |
chloramine |
|
| dc.title |
Chlorine Disinfection of Legionella spp., L. pneumophila, and Acanthamoeba under Warm Water Premise Plumbing Conditions |
|
| dc.title |
Microorganisms |
|
| dc.type |
Article - Refereed |
|
| dc.type |
Text |
|
| dc.type |
StillImage |
|